understanding the phlebostatic axis, its importance in monitoring blood pressure, and the calculation and interpretation of mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure in critical care nursing.

What is the phlebostatic axis and describe how to locate it. Why is this anatomical point used?
What would be the effect on the BP reading if the transducer of an arterial line were to fall from its mount at the phlebostatic axis and lie on the floor?
What is the MAP? How is it calculated? Why is the formula NOT simply an average of the systolic and diastolic pressure?
On a “normal” CVP tracing, what does the “v” wave represent? Why is it larger than the other waves
Identify one concept from this section that was significant to you and why?
chap 12&13 208-224 intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring and central venous pressure monitoring
book Urden, L. D., Stacy, K.M., Lough, M.E. (2022). Critical care nursing: Diagnosis and
management(9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby. (ISBN: 978-0-323-64295-8)